Targeting based placement identification

ABSTRACT

A reservation system can identify available placements based on targeting criteria provided by advertisers and placement inventory data provided by publishers. The reservation system can receive reservation data for the available placements from the publishers and provide the reservation data with the available placements to the advertisers. The available placements and can be ranked and presented to the advertisers based on a first precision with which the placement can satisfy the advertiser&#39;s targeting criteria. A second precision can be determined for each placement that has enabled targeting rules. In turn, the reservation system can rank and present the placements based on the first and second precisions.

BACKGROUND

This document relates to advertisement placement management.

The Internet allows access to a wide variety of content items, e.g.,video and/or audio files, web pages for particular subjects, newsarticles, etc. Such access to these content items has enabledopportunities for targeted advertising. In an online environment,advertisement targeting can be facilitated by presenting theadvertisements in placements that reach a target audience. A placementcan be any web property, e.g., a search engine results page, a website,a domain, or subset of web pages, etc., where an advertiser can placecontent items (e.g., advertisements). Placements can also be other formsof media property (e.g., print media, broadcast media, etc.) that can beused to publish a content item, such as an advertisement.

Advertisement syndication is a form of online advertising that allowsadvertisers to extend their marketing reach by distributingadvertisements to additional partners for presentation in availableplacements. Through syndication, third party online publishers can placean advertiser's text or image advertisements in placements that havecontent related to the advertisement. As the users are likely interestedin the particular content on the publisher webpage, they are also morelikely to be interested in the product or service featured in theadvertisement. Accordingly, such targeted placements can help driveonline customers to the advertiser's website.

Placements on which to advertise can be selected by an advertiser based,in part, on placement traffic. For example, an advertiser may havetraffic data for placements, provided by either the placement publishersor a third party, that specify traffic demographics, such as thelocation and age groups of users that view the placements. Thus, if anadvertiser is interested primarily in advertising in a geographicregion, such as California, the advertiser may select placements thatreceiving a significant portion of traffic from California. However,some of the publishers may enable targeting rules, i.e., rules thatlimit the types of advertisements presented depending on the demographicof a user visiting the placement. The use of these targeting rules canresult in a much higher percentage of the advertiser's advertisementsbeing provided to a target audience. For example, a first placement mayreceive 60% of its traffic from California, while a second placement mayreceive only 10% of its traffic from California. However, the secondplacement may have a targeting rule that enables the serving of anadvertisement only if the placement is being viewed by a user inCalifornia. Thus, assuming the advertiser purchases 10,000 impressions,the first placement will, on average, result in 60% of the 10,000impressions being shown in California. However, the second placement,which can target specifically to California, would result in all 10,000impressions being shown in California. Thus, the better placement forthe advertisement is the second placement, even though only 10% of itstraffic is from the advertiser's target market.

Unfortunately, however, there is no easy way for the advertiser tocollect such traffic data and target rule data from multiple publishers.Advertisers must contact publishers directly and request suchinformation, which the publishers may or may not readily disclose. Andeven if the publishers do disclose this information, the process offinding placements and determining which placements are likely to resultin the highest return on investment is time consuming, and oftenimpossible to accomplish in a reasonable amount of time, if at all.Finally, the reservation of the placements can also be difficult processand subject to risk, as availability of the placements and pricing canvary, and publisher and advertising software and hardware may experienceserving errors that cause discrepancies in the number of advertisementsserved for a placement.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can beembodied in a method of reserving placements. The method of reservingplacements can include receiving placement inventory data frompublishers, the placement inventory data defining placements that thepublishers are offering for reservation through an online reservationsystem; receiving a placement query from an advertiser, the placementquery including targeting criteria that defines target placements forthe advertiser; identifying available placements from the placementsdefined in the placement inventory data, the available placements beingthe target placements that satisfy the placement query based on theirplacement inventory data and are available for reservation; providingreservation data for the available placements to the advertiser, thereservation data defining reservation requirements for each availableplacement; receiving acceptance data from the advertiser, the acceptancedata identifying an accepted placement from among the availableplacements; providing the acceptance data to a publisher of the acceptedplacement; and reconciling advertisement performance of advertisementspresented in the accepted placement during the reservation, thereconciliation being between the publisher of the accepted placement andthe advertiser. Other embodiments of this aspect include correspondingsystems, apparatus, and computer program products.

Another aspect of the subject matter described in this specification canbe embodied in a method of ranking placements. The method of rankingplacements can include receiving targeting criteria from an advertiser,the targeting criteria defining a target audience for an advertisingcampaign; identifying placements that reach users that satisfy thetargeting criteria; and for each placement: determining a firstprecision for the placement, the first precision based on a first numberof total users that are reached by the placement; identifying targetingrules enabled for the placement that satisfy at least a targetingcriterion of the targeting criteria received from the advertiser;determining a second precision for the placement, the second precisionbased a second number of total users that are reached by the placementwith the targeting rules enabled; ranking the placements based on thefirst precision and second precision of the placements; and presentingthe placements to the advertiser according to the rank. Otherembodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, andcomputer program products.

Particular embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be implemented so as to realize one or more of thefollowing advantages. Advertisers can identify and reserve availableplacements that satisfy targeting criteria specified by the advertiser.Available placements can be ranked based on precision measures so thatadvertisers can identify more efficient placements for theiradvertisements. Placement reservation can be automated in a reservationsystem, thereby reducing errors that may occur. Financial transactionsassociated with the reservation can be facilitated by the reservationsystem. Advertisement performance measurements can be reconciled betweenadvertisers and publishers to obtain a more accurate final performancemeasurement.

These various optional advantages and features can be separatelyrealized and need not present in any particular embodiment. The detailsof one or more embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and thedescription below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of thesubject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings,and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example online environment in which anitem reservation system can be implemented.

FIG. 2A is an example reservation system user interface that can beprovided to a publisher to input placement inventory data.

FIG. 2B is an example reservation system user interface that can beprovided to an advertiser to input a placement query.

FIG. 2C is an example reservation system user interface that can beprovided to an advertiser to receive acceptance data.

FIG. 2D is a Venn diagram of an example set and example subsets of usersreached by a placement.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example process of reserving items.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an example process of ranking available items.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an example process of reconcilingadvertisement performance.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of another example process of reconcilingadvertisement performance.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example computer system.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION §1.0 Overview

A reservation system facilitates reservation of placements betweenpublishers and advertisers. The reservation system receives placementinventory data that describe the placements that the publishers areoffering for reservation. Example placement inventory data for aplacement includes a site uniform resource locator (URL), audiencedemographics and traffic data, a category or categories of the placement(e.g., “news” for a news site; “sports” for a sports site), reservationdata specifying pricing and when the placements is available, andassociated targeting rules for the placement. While most of theplacement inventory data can be provided by the publisher, someplacement inventory data, such as traffic data, can optionally beprovided by other parties.

The reservation system indexes the placement inventory data for eachplacement so that advertisers can search placements by use of placementqueries. A placement query includes targeting criteria from anadvertiser that describes target placements on which the advertiserwould like to place its advertisement. Based on the placement inventorydata and the placement query, the reservation system identifiespublishers and placements that can provide target placements thatsatisfy the advertiser's targeting criteria. The list of the availableplacements and corresponding prices for the available placements can beprovided to the advertiser. Depending on the reservation system options,the advertiser can secure a reservation of a placement by selecting aplacement from the list of placements, or can be provided contactinformation of a publisher so that the advertiser can directly contactthe publisher to negotiate and secure a reservation of a placement.

In some implementations, the reservation system ranks the placementsbased on precisions, i.e., ratios of the number of target users reachedby the placement to the total number of users reached by the placement.The placements are presented to the advertiser in the order of the rankso that the placements with the highest ratio of target users reached bythe placement to the total number of users reached by the placement arepresented first. These precisions can take into consideration whetherthe placement facilitates the use of targeting rules that enable thepublisher of the placement to limit the serving of an advertisement onthe placement to users that satisfy targeting criteria.

Throughout this document, placement reservation is described withrelation to online advertising. However, the proposed methods forplacement reservation can be implemented for content provided in otherforms of media, for example, other forms of broadcast, multicast, print,radio or television media. Additionally, the proposed methods for itemreservation can be used to reserve advertisement inventory, goods beingauctioned in a single spot market auction or over a time period,commodities, as well as other items.

§2.0 Advertisement Publishing And Tracking

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example online environment 100 in whichan item reservation system 130 can be implemented. The onlineenvironment 100 can facilitate the identification and reservation ofplacements and the serving of content items, e.g., web pages,advertisements, etc., to users. A network 110, such as a local areanetwork (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the Internet, or a combinationthereof, connects advertisers 102, an advertisement management system104, publishers 106, user devices 108 a and 108 b, and a reservationsystem 130. The online environment 100 may include many thousands ofadvertisers 102, publishers 106 and user devices 108.

In some implementations, one or more advertisers 102 can directly, orindirectly, enter, maintain, and track advertisement information in theadvertising management system 104. The advertisements can be in the formof graphical advertisements, such as banner advertisements, text onlyadvertisements, image advertisements, audio advertisements, videoadvertisements, advertisements combining one of more of any of suchcomponents, etc., or any other type of electronic advertisementdocument. The advertisements may also include embedded information, suchas links, meta-information, and/or machine executable instructions, suchas HTML or JavaScript™.

A user device, such as user device 108 a, can submit a page contentrequest 109 to a publisher 106. In some implementations, the pagecontent 111 can be provided to the user device 108 a in response to therequest 109. The page content 111 can include advertisements provided bythe advertisement management system 104, or can include executableinstructions, e.g., JavaScript™, that can be executed at the user device108 a to request advertisements from the advertisement management system104. Example user devices 108 include personal computers, mobilecommunication devices, television set-top boxes, etc.

Advertisement requests can also be received from the publishers 106. Forexample, one or more publishers 106 can submit advertisement requestsfor one or more advertisements, e.g., creatives, such as several linesof text, a banner advertisement, an image advertisement, or a videoadvertisement, to the advertisement management system 104. Theadvertisement management system 104 responds by sending theadvertisements to the requesting publisher 106 for presentation on oneor more of the publisher's web properties (e.g., websites and othernetwork-distributed content). The advertisements can include embeddinglinks landing pages, e.g., pages on the advertisers' 102 websites, thata user is directed to when the user clicks an ad presented on apublisher website. The advertisement requests can also include contentrequest information. This information can include the content itself(e.g., page or other content document), a category corresponding to thecontent or the content request (e.g., arts, business, computers,arts-movies, arts-music, etc.), part or all of the content request,content age, content type (e.g., text, graphics, video, audio, mixedmedia, etc.), geo-location information, etc.

In some implementations, a publisher 106 can combine the requestedcontent with one or more of the advertisements provided by theadvertisement management system 104. This combined requested content andadvertisements can be sent to the user device 108 that requested thecontent (e.g., user device 108 a) as page content 111 for presentationin a viewer (e.g., a browser or other content display system). Thepublisher 106 can transmit information about the advertisements back tothe advertisement management system 104 that describes how, when, and/orwhere the advertisements are to be rendered (e.g., in HTML orJavaScript™).

Publishers 106 can include general content servers that receive requestsfor content (e.g., articles, discussion threads, music, video, graphics,search results, web page listings, information feeds, etc.), andretrieve the requested content in response to the request. For example,content servers, related news content providers, retailers, independentblogs, social network sites, or any other entity that provides contentover the network 110 can be a publisher.

The advertisers 102, user devices 108, and/or publishers 106 can alsoprovide usage information to the advertisement management system 104and/or reservation system 130. This usage information can includemeasured or observed user behavior related to advertisements that havebeen served, such as, for example, whether or not an impression, aconversion or a selection related to an advertisement has occurred. Theusage information can also include traffic information, which includesuser demographic information such as age, location, and gender,associated with a user device. The reservation system 130 performsfinancial transactions, such as crediting the publishers 106 andcharging the advertisers 102 based on the usage information. Such usageinformation can also be processed to measure performance metrics, suchas a number of impressions, a click-through-rate (“CTR”), conversionrate, etc.

An “impression” occurs, for example, each time that an advertisement ispresented to a user. For example, in the online environment 100, animpression can occur each time the advertisement is presented on a userdevice 108. In a print advertising environment, an impression cancorrespond to each publication including the advertisement that is soldor otherwise distributed to readers. In the online environment,impressions can be tracked, for example, by advertisers 102 based on thenumber of times that the advertisement is successfully presented.Additionally, impressions can be tracked by publishers 108 based on thenumber of times that the advertisement is requested for presentation. Insome situations, the number of impressions identified by the advertiser102 can differ from the number of impressions identified by thepublisher 106, as discussed below.

A click-through can occur, for example, when a user of a user device,selects or “clicks” on a link to a content item returned by thepublisher or the advertising management system. The CTR is a performancemetric that is obtained by dividing the number of users that clicked onthe content item, e.g., a link to a landing page, an advertisement, or asearch result, by the number of times the content item was delivered.For example, if a link to a content item is delivered 100 times, andthree persons click on the content item, then the CTR for that contentitem is 3%. Other usage information and/or performance metrics can alsobe used.

A “conversion” occurs when a user consummates a transaction related to apreviously served advertisement. What constitutes a conversion may varyfrom case to case and can be determined in a variety of ways. Forexample, a conversion may occur when a user clicks on an advertisement,is referred to the advertiser's web page, and consummates a purchasethere before leaving that web page. A conversion can also be defined byan advertiser to be any measurable/observable user action such as, forexample, downloading a white paper, navigating to at least a given depthof a Website, viewing at least a certain number of Web pages, spendingat least a predetermined amount of time on a Website or Web page,registering on a Website, etc. Other actions that constitute aconversion can also be used.

§3.0 Placement Reservation

In addition to an advertiser's advertisements being selected based oncontent such as a search query or web page content of a publisher, theadvertiser can reserve a placement (e.g., advertisement slot) on apublisher's property to present its advertisement for a defined period.The defined period can be, for example, a defined time period, a definednumber of impressions, a defined number of conversions, or any otherdefinable period. During the reservation (i.e., defined period) theadvertiser's advertisements can be presented in the reserved placementwhen the web property on which the reserved placement is located ispresented on a user device 108.

Placement reservation can enable advertisers to reserve placements priorto serving time. The ability to reserve placements enables advertisersto hedge risks associated with participating in spot auction for theplacement at the time of serving. For example, if an advertiser isrequired to participate in a spot auction for the placement, theadvertiser is not assured to have its advertisement presented becausethe advertiser may not submit a bid high enough to secure the placement.In turn, the advertiser may miss an advertising opportunity if theadvertiser is outbid.

To efficiently allocate the placements, a reservation system 130 can becoupled to advertisers 102, the advertisement management system 104, andpublishers 106 through the network 110. In some implementations, thereservation system 130 can be implemented as a component of theadvertisement management system 104. In other implementations, thereservation system 130 can be implemented separately from theadvertising management system 130, and can also facilitate advertisementserving from other advertisement servers 150.

Various software architectures can be used to implement the reservationsystem 130. One example implementation includes a listing module 140, areservation module 142, and a billing module 144. Other architecturesand implementations can also be used.

The example reservation system 130 can have an advertiser facing side(“advertiser side”) and a publisher facing side (“publisher side”).Advertisers 102 and advertisement servers 150 can directly access thereservation system 130 by use of client devices. In someimplementations, advertisement services and/or products 101 that areoffered to the advertisers 102 and advertisement servers 150 or theadvertisement management system 104 can be configured to access thereservation system 130 to facilitate the provisioning of the functionsand capabilities described below. Likewise, publishers 106 can directlyaccess the reservation system 130 by use of client devices. Publisherservices and/or products 105 that are offered to the publishers 106 canbe configured to access the reservation system 130 to facilitate theprovisioning of the functions and capabilities described below.

In the example implementation of FIG. 1, the listing module 140 allowspublishers 106 to provide placement inventory data 132 to thereservation system 130, and also allows the advertisers 102 to submittargeting queries to identify and select placements. The reservationmodule 142 allows publishers and/or advertisement servers 150 to reserveplacements from the publishers 106, and notifies the publishers 106 ofsuch placement reservations. The billing module 144 manages billing,payment and performance reconciliation. These functions are described inmore detail below.

§3.1 Placement Inventory Data

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 can receiveplacement inventory data 132 from the publishers 106 by use of thelisting module 140, or some other application interface to thereservation system. The placement inventory data 132 defines theplacements that can be reserved from the publisher 108. Exampleplacement inventory data 132 for a placement includes a site uniformresource locator (URL), audience demographics and traffic data, acategory or categories of the placement (e.g., “news” for a news site;“sports” for a sports site), reservation data specifying pricing andwhen the placements is available, and associated targeting rules for theplacement. For example, one of the publishers 106, “publisher A,” mayprovide placement inventory data 132 to the reservation system 130indicating that publisher A has a placement available for reservation ona news web page that reaches (e.g., is presented to) one million usersin California and five hundred thousand users in Georgia each day.Publisher A may also provide placement inventory data 132 indicatingthat it has another placement available for reservation on a socialnetworking web page that reaches five million users in New York and onemillion users in Florida each day. Similarly, another one of thepublishers 106, “publisher B” may provide placement inventory data 132to the reservation system 130 indicating that publisher B has aplacement available for reservation on a news web page that reaches onemillion users New York and one million users in California.

The reservation system 130 uses the received placement inventory data132 to create an association of placements and publishers. Theseassociations can be maintained, for example, in an association table.For example, the reservation system 130 can receive the placementinventory data 132 from publisher A and publisher B above and, in turn,create associations between the publishers and their placements andmaintain the associations in a table similar to that provided in Table1.

TABLE 1 Placement Inventory Web Page Content Table Category: GeographicReach Category: Publisher: News Social Networking Florida California NewYork Georgia Publisher A URL1 1,000,000 500,000 Publisher A ULR21,000,000 5,000,000 Publisher B URL3 1,000,000 1,000,000

The list of associations in Table 1 is not exhaustive. For example, inaddition to URLs of particular placements, advertising slots for eachURL can be specified, and traffic figures can be broken down byparticular user demographics, such as age and gender.

Not all of the placement inventory data 132 shown in Table 1 need beprovided by the publishers. For example, a publisher can provide only aURL, and the reservation system 130 can crawl the URL to determine thenumber of slots available, and can also process traffic statistics thatare monitored by the reservation system 130 or received from a thirdparty to infer demographic data.

The placement categories can be predefined in the reservation system 130or created by the reservation system 130, for example, in response toplacement inventory data 132 received from the publishers. When thecategories are predefined, the reservation system 130 can identifyplacement inventory data 132 that corresponds to the predefinedcategories. When the reservation system 130 defines the categories inresponse to the categories being in the placement inventory data 132,the reservation system 130 can define a new category based on theplacement inventory data 132 received from the publishers. For example,if the reservation system 130 receives a sufficiently high number ofinstances of a particular placement inventory datum type (e.g., “blog”),the system 130 can create a category for “blog” and create associationsbased on this criteria category.

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 may require aminimum number of users (e.g., 10,000) be reached in a particulargeographic region for the publisher to be associated with a geographicreach category in the association table that corresponds to thegeographic region.

In some implementations, publishers can provide placement inventory data132 by submitting or selecting the category criteria that thepublisher's placements satisfy. For example, the reservation system 130can provide the publisher a graphical user interface in which categorydrop down menus or check boxes can be provided for the publisher toselect the categories that the publisher's placements satisfy. In turn,the reservation system 130 can use the selections to populate theappropriate categories in the association table with the publisher'sidentity.

FIG. 2A is an example reservation system user interface 200 that can beprovided to a publisher to input placement inventory data 132. A dataentry field 202 allows a publisher to enter text that describes aplacement. The text entered by the publisher can be unrestricted or canbe a list of terms that can be recognized as placement inventory data bythe reservation system 130. For example, publisher A can enter the text“News, California, Georgia” in the data entry field 202 to describe itsfirst placement. In turn, the reservation system 130 can search theassociation table for placement inventory data 132 categories thatcorresponds to the entered text and create associations for thatplacement.

In some implementations, a publisher 106 can provide a uniform resourcelocator for the placement in a URL entry field 203. In turn, thereservation system 130 can identify placement inventory data 132 fromthe web page. For example, the reservation system 130 can examine theweb page and determine that the web page contains news content.Similarly, the reservation system 130 can identify usage statistics forthe web page to determine an amount of user traffic that that web pageexperiences as well as the geography of the users that visit the webpage. The usage statistics (e.g., page hits, click-throughs, userdemographics, etc.) can be identified, for example, from a web trafficmonitoring service. Based on this information, the reservation system130 can associate publisher B with the appropriate placement inventorydata 132 categories in the association table.

The user interface 200 can also input placement inventory data 132 byuse of categories 204 a and 204 b that can be selected by a publisher todefine the publisher's placements. For example, the user interface 200can include check boxes 206 that a publisher can click to select eachplacement category with which its placements are associated. Theplacement categories 204 a and 204 b can also be grouped according tothe placement categories 208 a and 208 b to which it belongs. Forexample, each category 204 a that is included in the association tablecan be grouped under the “Web Page Content” category 208 a, whichincludes various types of content (e.g., news, sports, entertainment,etc.). Similarly, each geographic category 204 b that is included in theassociation table can be grouped under the “Geographic” placementcategory 208 b, which includes various geographic regions (e.g.,California, Georgia, United States, etc.). Other placement categoriescan also be used, including audience demographics.

Once a publisher 106 has entered information in the user interface 200,the publisher 106 can click a submit button 210. Upon clicking thesubmit button 210, the placement inventory data 132 provided by thepublisher 106 can be received by the reservation system 130. In turn,the reservation system 130 can associate the publisher 106 and itsplacement with the placement inventory data 132.

In some implementations, a publisher 106 can specify, for each enteredplacement inventory datum, whether a targeting rule for that datum isenabled. Targeting rules allow the publishers to present advertisementsfor the placement based on criteria associated with a page request. Forexample, a publisher can have a targeting rule that enables thepresentation of specific advertisements for traffic originating fromCalifornia, and the presentation of other advertisements for trafficoriginating from outside of California. Accordingly, an advertiser thatdesires to present advertisements to users in California can takeadvantage of the targeting rule enabled by the publisher.

Targeting rules for publishers can be collected in other ways as well.For example, the reservation system 130 can determine whether apublisher has corresponding targeting rules enabled by examining datareceived from the publisher or from a third party that break downtraffic according to various targeting rules.

The example user interface 200 is illustrative only, and additionaland/or other user interfaces and processes can also be used tofacilitate the collection of placement inventory data 132 frompublishers.

§3.2 Placement Queries

The reservation system 130 can receive placement queries fromadvertisers 102 that can include targeting criteria that define targetplacements. The placement queries can be processed by the listing module140, or by some other application interface. Target placements areplacements that the advertiser is targeting for presentation of itsadvertisement. For example, an advertiser 102 may target placements thatare presented on news web pages that reach males between eighteen andtwenty-five located in Florida. Therefore, the advertiser 102 mayprovide a placement query including the targeting criteria “news,”“males,” “eighteen to twenty-five,” and “Florida” to identify targetplacements for its advertisement.

The reservation system 130 can receive the placement query, for example,through a user interface that is provided to the advertiser 102. FIG. 2Bis an example reservation system user interface 220 that can be providedto an advertiser 102 to input a placement query. In someimplementations, the user interface 220 can include a data entry field222. The data entry field 222 can be a field in which an advertiser 102can enter text defining a placement query. The text defining theplacement query can be unrestricted, or the advertiser 102 can beprovided a list of terms that can be recognized as targeting criteria bythe reservation system 130. For example, the advertiser 102 can enterthe text “news males Florida” into the data entry field. In turn, theplacement criteria in the placement query can be identified by thereservation system 130 and used to identify target placements.

In some implementations, the user interface 220 can provide targetingcriteria 224 a-224 d that can be selected by an advertiser to define theadvertiser's target placements. For example, the user interface 220 caninclude check boxes 226 that an advertiser can click to select eachtargeting criterion that defines its target placement. The targetingcriteria 224 a-224 d can be grouped in the user interface according to atargeting criteria category 228 a-228 d to which it belongs.

Once an advertiser 102 has entered a placement query in the userinterface 220, the advertiser 102 can click a submit button 210. Uponclicking the submit button 210, the placement query provided by theadvertiser 102 is received by the reservation system 130. In turn, thereservation system 130 can use the targeting criteria to identify targetplacements for the advertiser 102. The target placements are placementsthat have associated placement inventory data 132 that satisfy thetargeting criteria.

§3.3 Placement Identification and Selection

The reservation system 130 can use the placement inventory data 132 inthe association table and the targeting criteria provided by advertisersto identify publishers 106 and target placements available forreservation (i.e., placements that satisfy the advertiser's targetingcriteria as specified by the query). The reservation system can identifythe publishers 106 and target placements by determining whether thepublishers 106 are associated with placement inventory that satisfy theadvertiser's targeting criteria. For example, if an advertiser 102provides targeting criteria “News and California” and “News and NewYork,” the reservation system 130 can access the association table ofTable 1 to identify publishers that are associated with the placementinventory data of “News” and “California” or “News” and “New York.”According to the example association table of Table 1, publishers A andB have placements (URL1 and URL3, respectively) that satisfy thesetargeting criteria. The reservation system 130 identifies availableplacements (e.g., target placements that are available for reservation)for the advertiser 102. For example, the placements of Publishers A andB, located at URL1 and URL3 respectively, are identified to theadvertiser.

In some implementations, the advertiser can examine the placements, suchas an advertising purchaser reviewing the placements on a web browser,and purchase a reservation according to pricing data specified inreservation data provided by the publishers. The reservation data can beprovided as part of the placement inventory data, and can include, forexample, the availability of the placement (e.g., time, day, etc.), thenumber of impressions the placement can provide and the price of theplacement. Example reservation data that is provided to an advertiser isshown if Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Available Impressions/ Placement Price Week AvailabilityPublisher A Yes $0.012/ 1,200,000 August 10-30 impression Publisher BYes $0.010/ 1,000,000 August 12-29 impression

Often a publisher may not offer placements for automatic reservation atthe advertisers' option, and may prefer to negotiate directly with theadvertisers. Thus, in some implementations, the reservation system 130can provide each of the identified publishers with the targetingcriteria and their respective target placements that satisfy thetargeting criteria and request that the publishers provide reservationdata for available placements to the advertisers. In someimplementations, the reservation system 130 can allow publishers 106 toprovide contact information to the advertiser 102 so that the advertiser102 and publisher 106 can communicate directly regarding thetransaction. Upon an agreement being reached between the publisher 106and the advertiser 102, the publisher 106 can update its associatedplacement inventory data to reflect the reservation.

FIG. 2C is an example reservation system user interface 240 that can beprovided to present available placements to an advertiser 102. In someimplementations, the user interface confirmation to the advertiser 102informing the advertiser 102 that the reservation has been confirmed,and can update the placement inventory data 132 of the publisher 106.

Other ways of facilitate offer and acceptance of reservations by use ofthe reservation system 130 can also be used.

The advertiser 102 can provide advertisement identifiers ofadvertisements to be presented on the placement and targeting criteriaassociated with the advertisement identifiers, subject to the terms andconditions of the placement. For example, the placement inventory data132 may define a placement that can present advertisements with no morethan three lines of text and an image of no more than 256×256 pixels.The advertiser 102 can provide, as part of the acceptance data,advertisement identifiers, scripts that can be executed to request theadvertisement from an advertisement server, and other data, such astargeting criteria, to the publisher 106. The publisher 106 can then usethis advertising data for presenting the advertisements in the placementfor the duration of the reservation.

§4.0 Placement Ranking

In some implementations, the order in which the reservation system 130presents placements to advertisers can be determined based on aprecision (e.g., efficiency) with which the placements satisfy thetargeting criteria. This determination can be made by the listing module140, for example. A placement can reach users that satisfy the targetingcriteria as well as users that do not satisfy the targeting criteria.For example, an advertiser 102 that desires to advertise in Californiaadvertises on a web site having a placement that receives 60% of itstraffic from California. Absent any targeting rules, only 60% of theimpressions purchased by the advertiser will reach its target audiencein California.

An advertiser 102 prefers to place its advertisement in a placement thatreaches a higher percentage of users that satisfy the advertiser'stargeting criteria, thereby increasing the efficiency of theadvertising. The reservation system 130 determines a first precision foreach available placement and presents the placements to the advertiser102 based on the precisions.

The first precision is calculated without consideration of targetingrules. However, publishers 106 can enable targeting rules thatfacilitate selective presentation of advertisements to users thatsatisfy targeting criteria of the advertiser 102. Targeting rules canincrease the precision of a placement for advertisers 102 that havespecified targeting criteria that correspond 204 can provide theadvertiser 102 with a description 242 of each available placement. Forexample, the reservation system 130 can provide the title of the webpage on which the placement is presented (e.g., “Placement 1”). For eachavailable placement, the user interface 240 can also provide theadvertiser with placement inventory data 132 (optionally includingreservation data). The placement inventory data 132 can include all ofthe placement inventory data 132 provided by the publisher 106 or berestricted to the placement inventory data 132 that satisfy theadvertiser's targeting criteria.

In some implementations, the advertiser 102 can select an availableplacement by providing acceptance data to the reservation system 130.The acceptance data can be provided, for example, by clicking a reservebutton 248 a or 248 b for a respective placement 242 a or 242 b, and canbe processed by the reservation module 142.

An actual reservation can be secured in a number of different ways byuse of the reservation system 130, including automatic acceptance orthrough negotiations with the publisher. For automatic acceptance, theacceptance data can identify the available placement selected by theadvertiser 102, the price of the available placement, data defining thereservation period and acknowledging acceptance of the terms andconditions of the publisher to consummate a purchase. Such terms andconditions can include the type of advertisements that can be presented,e.g., image formatting requirements, content restrictions, etc., andlimitations on performance and pricing requirements.

The publisher 106 is then provided a notification of the reservedplacement, and placement inventory data 132 associated with thepublisher is updated. For example, if 20,000 impressions were availablefor reservation and the advertiser reserved 10,000 impressions, thepublisher 106 is notified of the reservation and the number ofimpression available for reservation at the publisher's placement isreduced to 10,000.

For negotiated acceptance, the reservation system 130 receives theacceptance data and, in turn, provides the acceptance data to thepublisher 106. Upon receipt of the acceptance data, the publisher 106can allocate the accepted placement to the advertiser 102 for thedefined reservation period, or can negotiate with the advertiser 106. Insome implementations, the publisher 106 can provide confirmation data tothe reservation system 130 that confirms the reservation and the termsof the transaction. In turn, the reservation system 130 can provide theto the targeting rules enabled for the placement. Thus, the reservationsystem 130 determines a second precision for each placement with thetargeting rules enabled. The placements are then presented to theadvertiser based on the first and second precisions.

§4.1 Placement Precision without Targeting Rules Enabled

The reservation system 130 determines a first precision for eachavailable presentation without considering the effects of targetingrules. The first precision of each placement can be determined, forexample, based on the first total number of users reached (e.g., a totalnumber of users reached without targeting rules enabled) by theplacement that satisfy the targeting criteria. For example, anadvertiser 102 provides targeting criteria to the reservation system 130that defines target placements as placements that reach users that arebetween the ages eighteen and twenty-five and live in California. Inresponse to a request from the reservation system 130, two publishersprovide reservation data identifying available placements X and Y forthe advertiser 102.

The reservation system 130 can examine usage data from the placementinventory data 132 (e.g., web traffic data received from a web trafficdata service or the publisher and stored in the placement inventorydata) for each of the placements to identify the first total number ofusers that are reached by each placement as well as the number oftargeted users that satisfy the targeting criteria specified by theadvertiser and that are reached by the placement. Example usage data fortwo placements X and Y are provide in Table 3.

TABLE 3 California California Users between Users 18-25 Total UsersUsers 18-25 Reached/ Reached/ Reached/day Reached/day day day PlacementX 10,000,000 1,500,000 6,000,000 1,000,000 Placement Y 10,000 7,0008,000 6,000

Based on the example usage data in Table 3, the reservation system 130can determine that placement X has a precision of 0.1 (e.g.,1,000,000/10,000,000) and placement Y has a precision of 0.6 (e.g.,6,000/10,000). These first precisions indicate that 1 out of every 10users reached by placement X satisfy the advertiser's targetingcriteria, and 6 out of every 10 users reached by placement Y satisfy thetargeting criteria. Based only on these first precisions, advertiser 102will increase the efficiency of its advertising by placing itsadvertisements on placement Y, rather than placement X. Accordingly, thereservation system 130 can rank and present placements to theadvertisers based on the first precision, for example, can presentplacement Y to the advertiser first followed by placement X, so thatmore efficient placements are presented to the advertiser 102 beforeless efficient placements.

§4.2 Placement Precision with Targeting Rules

When targeting rules are enabled for placements, the ranking of theplacements can be further adjusted based on second precisions. Thetargeting rules can, for example, limit presentation of advertisementsplacements to users that satisfy the targeting rules. For example, thereservation system 130 can identify targeting rules enabled bypublishers 106 that limit presentation of advertisements for placementsbased on geographic location of users, user demographics, or othercharacteristics related to users.

The reservation system 130 determines whether the targeting criteriareceived from an advertiser 102 corresponds to a targeting rule. Forexample, the targeting criteria “California” can be mapped to ageographic targeting rule for placements by the reservation system 130.Similarly, if a demographic targeting rule has been defined forplacements, then the 18-25 targeting criteria can be mapped to thedemographic targeting rule.

A list of the targeting rules that are enabled for a placement can beincluded in the placement inventory data 132 that is provided bypublishers 106. For example, the placement inventory data provided forplacement X can include data indicating that only geographic targetinghas been enabled. Therefore, presentation of advertisements in placementX can be restricted based on the geographic location of the userrequesting the web page on which placement X is presented. However, theplacement inventory data 132 does not include data indicating thatdemographic targeting has been enabled for placement X, and thus thepresentation of advertisements in placement X will not be restrictedbased on the demographics of the users, even though an advertiser'stargeting criteria includes a demographics target.

For each placement that has enabled the mapped targeting rules, thereservation system 130 can determine a second number of total users thatare reached by the targeted advertisement on the placement with themapped targeting rules enabled. For example, as discussed above,placement X has enabled a geographic targeting rule, and has not enableda demographic targeting rule. Therefore, the advertiser's targetingcriteria “California,” which is mapped to the geographic targeting rule,can restrict the presentation of advertisements for placement X to usersthat are located in California. Accordingly, based on the data providedin Table 3, the second total number of users reached by the targetedadvertisement on placement X with the geographic targeting rule enabledwill be 1,500,000 (e.g., the number of California users reached perday). If placement Y does not enable targeting rules, its first totalnumber of users reached by placement Y will remain unchanged, and thereservation system 130 can continue without determining a second totalnumber of users for placement Y.

The reservation system 130 also determines the number of targeted usersthat satisfy the targeting criteria and reached by the advertisement onthe placement with the targeting rules enabled. Based on the data inTable 3, this number is 1,000,000. The second precision can be a ratioof the targeted users reached relative to the total number of usersreached with the targeting rules enabled. Thus, based on the data inTable 3, placement X will have a second precision of 0.667 (e.g.,1,000,000/1,500,000). Therefore, two-thirds of users reached byadvertisements on placement X with targeting rules enabled satisfy theadvertiser's targeting criteria.

The reservation system 130 ranks the available placements based on thefirst and second precisions. In some implementations, the reservationsystem 130 can rank placements that have not enabled targeting rulesbased on the first precision, and can use the greater of the first andsecond precisions to rank a placement that has enabled targeting rules.For example, the reservation system 130 can rank placement Y based onits first precision of 0.6 because placement Y has not enabled targetingrules. Additionally, the reservation system 130 can rank placement Xbased on the second precision of 0.667 because the second precision isgreater than the first precision (e.g., 0.1). Accordingly, thereservation system 130 can rank placement X first and placement Y secondbased on the precisions. Thus, placement X's rank has increased by theenabled targeting rules.

Note that had placement X has only a targeting rule for age enabled, thesecond precision would be 0.167 (i.e., 1,000,000/6,000,000); and ifplacement X has both geographic and age targeting rules enable, thesecond precision is 1.00 (i.e., 1,000,000/1,000,000).

FIG. 2D is a Venn diagram 260 of an example set and example subsets ofusers reached by a placement. The circle 262 represents a user set(e.g., first total number of users) reached by a placement withoutregard to targeting rules, e.g., 10,000,000 total users. The area 264 ofthe circle 262 enclosed by a first arc 266 (and inclusive of the area268) represents a proper subset (e.g., second total number of users) ofthe user set reached by the placement according to a first targetingrule enabled, e.g., 1,500,000 total users reached by placement X withthe geographic targeting rule enabled. The area 268 enclosed by a secondarc 270 represents a proper subset of users that satisfy theadvertiser's targeting criteria that are reached by the placement. Forexample, the area 268 represents the 1,000,000 targeted users thatsatisfy the advertiser's targeting criteria (e.g., California usersbetween 18-25) that are reached by placement X. Thus, as shown by theVenn diagram 260, the number of total users reached by a targetedadvertisement decreases when targeting rules are enable, and of thosenumbers reached, a higher percentage satisfy the targeting criteria,thereby increasing the precision of the placement. Note that if all thetargeting criteria are mapped to enabled targeting rules, then thesecond precision would be 100%.

As demonstrated by the example above, a publisher can increase the rankand, in turn, the presentation position of its placements by enablingtargeting rules because targeting rules can increase the precision ofthe targeting that can realized with the placement.

§5.0 Advertisement Exchange and Performance Tracking

Once a reservation is created, the publisher 106 can present anadvertisement for the advertiser 102 in the placement during thereservation period. In some implementations, the reservation system 130can facilitate advertisement exchange between the advertiser 102 and thepublisher 106. For example, once a reservation is created, thereservation system 130 can prompt the advertiser 102 to upload, orotherwise provide, advertisements that will be, in turn, provided to thepublisher 106. The advertisements can, in some implementations, be agroup of advertisements belonging to an advertising campaign, each ofwhich will be selectively presented during the reservation period.

The reservation system 130 can provide the advertisement to thepublisher 106, for example, through the network 110. The publisher 106can store the advertisement in a data store and retrieve theadvertisement from the data store each time the advertisement is to bepresented. For example, in some situations, an advertisement managementsystem 104 can be authorized by a publisher 106 to provide thepublishers' placements for allocation by the reservation system 130. Inthese situations, the advertisement management system 104 can receive anadvertisement from an advertiser 102 and, in turn, store theadvertisement in an advertisement data store 114. Each time that theadvertisement is selected for presentation in the placement, theadvertisement management system 104 can retrieve the advertisement fromthe advertisement data store 114.

In some implementations, the advertiser 102 can provide a location fromwhich the advertisement can be served (e.g., advertisement server)rather than providing a file containing the advertisement. Thereservation system 130 can receive, for example, a URL from theadvertiser 102 and provide the URL to the publisher 106. In turn, thepublisher 106 can retrieve the advertisement from the URL each time thatthe advertisement is selected for presentation in the placement. Anadvertiser 102 may provide a URL so that the advertiser's advertisementcan be provided, for example, by an advertisement management system 104or other advertisement server. This enables the advertisement managementserver 104 to track the performance of the advertisement during thereservation period and provide a performance measurement for theadvertisement to the advertiser.

The advertiser 102 can optionally monitor the performance of theadvertisements during the reservation period and, if the publisher 106has acquiesced to such flexibility, the advertiser 102 can modify itsreservation order. For example, an advertiser may purchase a reservationof 2,000 impressions from a publisher, and the reservations are to bedelivered over a 1 week period. If the advertiser 102 finds thatadvertisements for those placements are performing well, e.g., have highclick thorough rates or conversions, the advertiser 102 can extend thereservation if additional placement inventory is available from thepublisher. Such extension can include purchasing additional impressionsand/or extending a time period of the reservation.

In some implementations, the advertiser 102 can optionally specify aminimum performance expectation and/or the publisher 106 can provided aminimum performance expectation, e.g., a minimum click-through rate. Ifthe minimum performance expectation is not being met, then theadvertiser 102 can cancel the remaining reservation.

The final price that an advertiser 102 pays for a reservation can bebased on a performance measurement (e.g., impressions) of theadvertisement in the placement during the reservation period. Therefore,the advertiser 102 and the publisher 106 may both measure theperformance of the advertisement in order to determine the final pricethat should be charged for the reservation. However, the performancemeasurement that is measured by the advertiser 102 may differ from theperformance measurement that is measured by the publisher 106.

For example, when a publisher 106 requests an advertisement from the URLprovided by the advertiser 102, the publisher 106 may increment thenumber of impressions for the advertisement. However, if theadvertisement is not served (e.g., a server error, URL error, etc.) theadvertiser 102 may not increment the number of impressions for theadvertisement. Therefore, a discrepancy can exist between the finalperformance measurements and, in turn, reservation prices that arecalculated by the publisher 106 and the advertiser 102.

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 can reconcilediscrepancies between the performance measures of advertisers 102 andpublishers 106. The reconciliation can be performed by the billingmodule 144. In some implementations, discrepancies are resolved based onreported performance measurements received from the advertisers 102 andpublishers 106. In other implementations, the discrepancies are resolvedbased on performance logs 103 and 107 received from the advertisers 102and publishers 106, or otherwise accessed by the reservations system130.

§5.1 Reconciliation Based on Reported Performance Measures

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 can resolvediscrepancies based on reported performance measurements received fromthe advertisers 102 and publishers 106. For a reservation between anadvertiser 102 and a publisher 106, the reservation system 130 receivesa number of reported impressions from each of the advertiser 102 and thepublisher 106. If the number of reported impressions do not match, areconciliation can be determined based on an attributed risk of lossand, optionally, a risk threshold.

For example, the risk of loss for any discrepancy below the riskthreshold can, in some implementations, be attributed to the publisher.To illustrate, assume an advertiser reserves 2,000 impressions from apublisher. After the publisher reports 2,000 impressions, thereservation system 130 can request from the advertiser the reportednumber of impressions the advertiser has recorded. Assuming theadvertiser reports 1,900 impressions, the advertiser is only charged for1,900 impressions.

The reservation period can be determined to expire when the publisherreports a number of reported impressions that satisfies the reservationobligation. As the publisher must be able to manager its impressioninventory, the obligation of the reservation period being determinedbased on the publisher's reported impression number is generallypreferred over the obligation of the reservation period being determinedbased on the advertiser's reported impression number. The interest ofthe advertiser is protected in that the advertiser is only charged forthe impressions it reports within the risk threshold.

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 can instruct serversof the advertisers 102 and the publishers 106 to report impressionnumbers periodically instead of at the end of a reservation period. Forexample, impression numbers can be sent to the reservation system 103every hour, or every day, or some other partial period of thereservation period. For each set of reported numbers, the reservationsystem 130 determines if the reported discrepancy is within a riskthreshold, e.g., 10%. If the reported discrepancy is within the riskthreshold, processing can proceed normally. Otherwise, the reservationsystem 130 can notify the publisher 106 and the advertiser 102 of therisk threshold being exceeded so that the publisher 106 and theadvertiser 102 can investigate the cause of the discrepancy.

The risk of loss, risk thresholds, and monitoring periods can each beadjusted, dependent on advertiser and publisher negotiations. Forexample, the risk of loss can be shifted to the advertiser with a 5%risk threshold, if both the advertiser and publisher agree.

§5.2 Reconciliation Based on Performance Measures Determined fromPerformance Logs

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 resolvesdiscrepancies based on performance logs 103 and 107 received from theadvertisers 102 and publishers 106, or otherwise accessed by thereservations system 130. The reservation system 130 can receive theperformance measurements from the advertisers 102 and the publishers 106from corresponding logs 103 and 107 that store performance data (e.g.,impressions served, click-throughs, conversions, etc.) defining one ormore performance measurements. These performance measures can beaggregated by the reservation system 130 to determine performancemeasures similar to the performance measures described in §5.1 above. Ifthe performance measurements are equal, the reservation system 130 canprovide a performance confirmation to the advertiser 102 and thepublisher 106 indicating that both parties reported the same performancemeasurement. However, if there is a discrepancy, the reservation system130 can examine logs of the advertiser 102 and the publisher 106 toidentify, for example, instances where the advertisement was notproperly presented in the placement or a performance measurement was notcounted correctly.

For example, the reservation system 130 can identify whether theadvertisement was actually presented in response to the publisher'srequest for the advertisement, e.g., by examining the advertiser's logfor a record of the advertisement being served. If the advertisement wasnot presented, the reservation system 130 can determine, for example,whether the publisher 106 requested the advertisement from the correctURL, and if not, whether a publisher error or an advertiser error wasthe cause. Similarly, if the publisher 106 requested the advertisementfrom the correct URL, the reservation system 130 can determine whetheran advertiser server error or a publisher server error may haveprevented the advertisement from being presented. Based on the cause ofthe error, the reservation system 130 can determine whether theadvertiser 102 should be charged for an impression. Once thereconciliation has been completed, the final price of the reservationcan be computed based on the reconciled performance measurement.

Many processing errors can occur that result in a discrepancy, and theerrors can be determined from the logs 103 and 107 and attributed to thepublisher or advertiser in a variety of ways. For example, a requesterror in the publisher log 107 may indicate a request time-out for anadvertisement request. The advertisement request can be inspected tocheck if the request was properly sent, i.e., included the correctaddress and request parameters. If the request was improperly sent, thenthe cause of the error is determined and attributed to either thepublisher or the advertiser. For example, if the cause of the error isattributed to a publisher server malfunction, e.g., a base64 encodingerror that occurred when sending the request, the error is attributed tothe publisher. Conversely, if the cause of the error is attributed to anincorrect script that was provided by the advertiser, then the error isattributed to the advertiser.

A performance measurement for the reservation (e.g., an impression, aclick-through, or any some other agreed to measure of reservationperformance) is counted in favor of the publisher if the error isattributed to the advertiser; likewise, the performance measure iscounted in favor of the advertiser if the error is attributed to thepublisher. In some implementations, a performance measure is not countedif the error cannot be attributed to either the publisher or theadvertiser. In other implementations, a performance measure is countedto both the publisher and the advertiser if the error cannot beattributed to either the publisher or the advertiser.

§5.3 Negotiated Risk and Reservation Expiration

In some implementations, the publisher and advertiser can negotiateperformance reconciliation criteria and provide the agreed toperformance reconciliation criteria to the reservation system 103. Suchreconciliation criteria can be predefined by the reservation system 103,e.g., the advertiser (or publisher) assumes all risk, and alldiscrepancies are resolved in favor or the other party; or risk isassumed equally and discrepancies are resolved in favor the party not atfault. Reconciliation is then done according to the reconciliationcriteria.

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 can determine areservation expires when a common advertisement performance measure(e.g., reconciled impressions) reaches a performance count (e.g., thenumber of purchased impressions). In other implementations, thereservation system 130 can determine a reservation expires when anunrecognized advertisement performance measure of either the advertiseror the publisher reaches the performance count. Thereafter, thereservation system 130 can reconcile the performance measures betweenthe advertiser and the publisher for a final accounting.

In some implementations, the reservation system 130 can facilitatereservation payments between the advertiser 102 and the publisher 106.The reservation system 130 can determine the final reservation pricebased on the reconciled performance and the reservation data. Forexample, if an advertiser 102 realized 10,000 reconciled impressions ina placement that has a reservation price of $0.10/impression, the finalprice for the reservation would be $1000 (e.g., 10,000impressions*$0.10/impression). In turn, the reservation system 130 candebit an account belonging to the advertiser 102 and credit an accountbelonging to the publisher 106 in the amount of $1,000. Upon completionof the debit of the advertiser's account and corresponding credit to thepublisher's account, the reservation transaction can be consideredcomplete.

While reservation payments are described as occurring after thereservation period, in some implementations, the advertiser 102 and thepublisher 106 can complete the payment transaction at the time that thereservation is created based on an estimated performance. For example,if a placement having the reservation data of publisher B in Table 2 isreserved for a week, the advertiser can be charged $10,000 at the timeof purchase of the reservation (i.e., 1,000,000impressions*$0.01/impression). This charge can be a final charge, or canbe subject to credit or further debit based on a reconciliation afterexpiration of the reservation.

§6.0 Example Process Flows

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example process 300 of reserving items. Theprocess 300 can, for example, be implemented by the reservationsubsystem 130 of FIG. 1.

Placement inventory data is received from publishers (302). In someimplementations, the placement inventory data defines placements thatthe publishers are offering for reservation through an onlinereservation system. For example, the placement inventory data canprovide information that identifies the content of the web page on whichthe placement is presented as well as the geographic reach of theplacement, demographics of users that are reached by the placement, andother characteristics that define the placement. The placement inventorydata can be received, for example, by the reservation system 130.

A placement query is received from an advertiser (304). In someimplementations, the placement query includes targeting criteria thatdefines target placements for the advertiser. For example, the placementquery can define a target placement based on the content of the web pageon which the placement is presented, as well as the geographic reach ofthe placement, demographics of users that are reached by the placement,and other characteristics that define the placement. The placement querycan be received, for example, by the reservation system 130.

Available placements are identified (306). In some implementations, theavailable placements are the target placements that satisfy theplacement query and are available for reservation. In someimplementations, the available placements can be identified by queryingthe publishers that provided placement inventory data that satisfies theplacement query. Available placements can be identified, for example, bythe reservation system 130.

Reservation data is provided to the advertiser for the availableplacements (308). In some implementations, the reservation data definesreservation requirements for each available placement. For example, thereservation data can include the price of the reservation, a start timeand duration of the reservation, and other information pertinent to thereservation (e.g., terms and conditions). The reservation data can beprovided to the advertiser, for example, by the reservation system 130.

Acceptance data is received from the advertiser (310). In someimplementations, the acceptance data identifies the accepted placementfrom among the available placements and specifies that the advertiserhas purchased the reservation. For example, an advertiser can select anaccepted placement from a list of available placements. In turn,acceptance data can be generated based on the selection. The acceptancedata can be received, for example, by the reservation system 130.

Acceptance data is provided to the publisher (312). The acceptance datacan be provided to the publisher, for example, by the reservationsubsystem 130. In some implementations, a charge to the advertiser canbe incurred upon acceptance by the publisher. In other implementations,a charge can be incurred to the advertiser upon the advertiser selectinga reservation. In still other implementations, the charge can beadjusted, or can be incurred at a later time subject to thereconciliation (314).

Advertisement performance for advertisements presented in the placementduring the reservation is reconciled (314). In some implementations, thereconciliation provides a common advertisement performance between thepublisher of the accepted placement and the advertiser. For example, thereconciliation can identify a discrepancy between the performancemeasurements reported by the advertiser and the publisher. In turn, thereconciliation can determine whether the advertisement performanceshould be included in the final performance measurement. Thereconciliation can be performed, for example, by the reservation system130.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an example process 400 of ranking availableitems. The process can be implemented, for example, by the reservationsystem 130 of FIG. 1.

Targeting criteria is received from an advertiser (402). In someimplementations, the targeting criteria can define a target audience foran advertisement. For example, the targeting criteria received from theadvertiser can define a target audience as an audience of men betweenthe ages 18-25 that live in Florida. The targeting criteria can bereceived, for example, by the reservation system 130.

Placements that reach users that satisfy the targeting criteria areidentified (404). In some implementations, the placements that reachusers that satisfy the targeting criteria can be identified based onplacement inventory received from publishers. For example, eachpublisher that is associated with placements that satisfy at least oneof the targeting criteria can be requested to provide reservation datafor available placements. The placements can be identified, for example,by the reservation system 130.

A first precision is determined for each placement (406). In someimplementations, the first precision is based on a first number of theusers that are reached by advertisements on the placement. For example,the first precision can be a ratio of the targeted users reached by eachplacement relative to the total number of users reached by eachplacement. The first precision can be determined, for example, by thereservation system 130.

Targeting rules enabled for the placement that satisfy at least atargeting criterion of the targeting criteria are identified (408). Insome implementations, enabled targeting rules can be identified, forexample, based on information included in the placement inventory datathat are received from the publishers. The enabled targeting rules canbe identified, for example by the reservation system 130.

A second precision is determined for the placement (410). In someimplementations, the second precision is based a second number of usersthat are reached by an advertisement on the placement with the targetingrules enabled. For example, the second precision can be a ratio of thesecond number of targeted users reached by an advertisement on theplacement relative to the second number of total users reached by theplacement. The second precision can be determined, for example, by thereservation system 130.

The placements are ranked based on the first precision and secondprecision of the placements (412). In some implementations, placementsthat do not have targeting rules enabled can be ranked based on thefirst precision. In some implementations, placements that do havetargeting rules enabled can be ranked based on the greater of the firstprecision and the second precision. The placement having the highestfirst and second precision can be ranked highest, with the otherplacements being ranked in descending order according to their first andsecond precisions. The placements can be ranked, for example, by thereservation system 130.

The placements are presented to the advertiser according to the rank(414). In some implementations, a graphical user interface including theplacements can be provided to the advertiser. The placements can bepresented, for example, by the reservation system 130.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an example process 500 of reconcilingadvertisement performance. The process 500 can be implemented, forexample, by the reservation system 130.

A first performance measurement for advertisements is received from theadvertiser (502). In some implementations, the first performancemeasurement identifies a first measure of advertisement performance ofadvertisements, e.g., advertisements belonging to a campaign, during thereservation period. For example, the first performance measurement canbe the number of impressions that the advertiser counted for theadvertisements during the reservation. The first performance measurementcan be received, for example, by the reservation system 130 in responseto requesting log data from the advertiser 102, or as a result ofmonitoring traffic to and from the advertiser 102.

A second performance measurement for the advertisements is received fromthe publisher (504). In some implementations, the second performancemeasurement identifies a second measure of advertisement performanceduring the reservation period. For example, the second performancemeasurement can be the number of impressions that the publisher countedfor the advertisements during the reservation. The second performancemeasurement can be received, for example, by the reservation system 130in response to requesting log data from the publisher 106 or as a resultof monitoring traffic to and from the publisher 106.

A determination whether a discrepancy exists between the firstperformance measurement and the second performance measurement isperformed (506). The discrepancy can be, for example, a difference inthe total number of impressions measured by the first and secondperformance measurements. The determination can be performed, forexample, by the reservation system 130.

When there is not a discrepancy between the first and second performancemeasurements, a confirmation of the performance measurements is provided(508). In some implementations, the confirmation can be provided to theadvertiser and the publisher. The confirmation can be provided, forexample, by the reservation system 130.

When a discrepancy exists between the first and second performancemeasurements, a first performance log associated with the firstperformance measurement is compared to a second performance logassociated with the second performance measurement (510). In someimplementations, the comparison can be performed to identify thediscrepancy between the first and second performance measurement. Forexample, the comparison can identify activity (e.g., advertisementrequest, serving an advertisement, etc.) that resulted in an impressioncount. The comparison can be performed, for example, by the reservationsystem 130.

A determination whether the cause of the discrepancy is attributable tothe advertiser is performed (512). For example, if the advertiserprovided a faulty link to the location of the advertisements, or theadvertiser server was temporarily unavailable the cause of thediscrepancy can be attributed to the advertiser. The determination canbe performed, for example, by the reservation system 130.

When the cause of the discrepancy is attributable to the advertiser, theperformance measurement is reconciled in favor of the publisher (514).For example, if the advertiser failed to provide a working link to thelocation of the advertisements, the impression can be counted based onthe publisher's impression count for the impression. The reconciliationcan be performed, for example, by the reservation system 130.

When the cause of the discrepancy is not attributable to the advertiser,a determination whether the cause of the discrepancy is attributable tothe publisher is performed (516). For example, if a publisher server orcommunication failure prevented the advertisements from being presented,the cause of the discrepancy can be attributed to the publisher.

When the cause of the discrepancy is not attributable to the advertiseror the publisher, a default rule is enforced (518). The default rule canreconcile discrepancies that are not attributable to the advertiser orthe publisher based on a default allocation. For example, the defaultallocation can reconcile the discrepancies equally among the advertiserand the publisher. Alternatively, the default allocation can reconcilethe discrepancies in favor of the advertiser. The default rule can beenforced, for example, by the reservation system 130.

When the cause of the discrepancy is attributable to the publisher, theperformance measurement is reconciled in favor of the advertiser (520).For example, if the publisher failed to access the correct link for theadvertisements, the impression can be ignored based on the advertiser'simpression count. The reconciliation can be performed, for example, bythe reservation system 130.

A discrepancy can occur that can be partially attributable to both thepublisher and the advertiser. Therefore, while not shown in FIG. 5, theprocess 500 can perform both a publisher fault check and an advertiserfault check to determine if the discrepancy is duet to both publisherand advertiser errors. Based on the outcome of this publisher check, theprocess can then reconcile the discrepancy.

A final performance measurement is adjusted based on the reconciliation(522). In some implementations, the final performance measurement can beinitiated with a performance measurement equal to the lower of the firstand second performance measurements. In turn, the final performancemeasurement can be incremented or maintained based on thereconciliation. The final performance measurement can be adjusted, forexample, by the reservation system 130.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of another example process of reconcilingadvertisement performance. The process 600 can be implemented, forexample, by the reservation system 130.

A first performance measurement for advertisements is received from theadvertiser (602). In some implementations, the first performancemeasurement identifies a first measure of advertisement performance ofadvertisements, e.g., advertisements belonging to a campaign, during thereservation period. For example, the first performance measurement canbe the number of impressions that the advertiser counted for theadvertisements during the reservation.

A second performance measurement for the advertisements is received fromthe publisher (604). In some implementations, the second performancemeasurement identifies a second measure of advertisement performanceduring the reservation period. For example, the second performancemeasurement can be the number of impressions that the publisher countedfor the advertisements during the reservation.

A determination whether a discrepancy between the first and secondperformance measurements exceeds a threshold is made (606). In someimplementations, the difference between the first performance measureand the second performance measure is compared to a risk threshold,e.g., 5%. The risk threshold can be for an overall reservation period,or for the reported portion of the reservation period.

When the discrepancy does not exceed the risk threshold, then areconciliation according to a risk assumption is made (608). Forexample, a publisher may have agreed to assume the risk of discrepancywithin the risk threshold, and thus the advertiser is charge based onlyon the first performance measure.

When the discrepancy does exceed the risk threshold, then the advertiserand publisher are notified of the excessive discrepancy that wasdetected during the reporting period (610). For example, the reservationsystem 130 can send an e-mail notification to both the advertiser andthe publisher notifying each party of the excessive discrepancy.

§7.0 Example Computer System

FIG. 7 is block diagram of an example computer system 700. The system700 can be used to implement the reservation system 130 singularly, orcan be one of many computers in a server farm that is used to implementthe reservation system 130. The system 700 includes a processor 710, amemory 720, a storage device 730, and an input/output device 740. Eachof the components 710, 720, 730, and 740 can, for example, beinterconnected using a system bus 750. The processor 710 is capable ofprocessing instructions for execution within the system 700. In oneimplementation, the processor 710 is a single-threaded processor. Inanother implementation, the processor 710 is a multi-threaded processor.The processor 710 is capable of processing instructions stored in thememory 720 or on the storage device 730.

The memory 720 stores information within the system 700. In oneimplementation, the memory 720 is a computer-readable medium. In oneimplementation, the memory 720 is a volatile memory unit. In anotherimplementation, the memory 720 is a non-volatile memory unit.

The storage device 730 is capable of providing mass storage for thesystem 700. In one implementation, the storage device 730 is acomputer-readable medium. In various different implementations, thestorage device 730 can, for example, include a hard disk device, anoptical disk device, or some other large capacity storage device.

The input/output device 740 provides input/output operations for thesystem 700. In one implementation, the input/output device 740 caninclude one or more of a network interface devices, e.g., an Ethernetcard, a serial communication device, e.g., and RS-232 port, and/or awireless interface device, e.g., and 802.11 card. In anotherimplementation, the input/output device can include driver devicesconfigured to receive input data and send output data to otherinput/output devices, e.g., keyboard, printer and display devices 760.Other implementations, however, can also be used, such as mobilecomputing devices, mobile communication devices, set-top box televisionclient devices, etc.

Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments ofthe subject matter described in this specification can be implemented asone or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules ofcomputer program instructions encoded on a tangible program carrier forexecution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.The tangible program carrier can be a propagated signal or a computerreadable medium. The propagated signal is an artificially generatedsignal, e.g., a machine generated electrical, optical, orelectromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information fortransmission to suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a computer.The computer readable medium can be a machine readable storage device, amachine readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition ofmatter effecting a machine readable propagated signal, or a combinationof one or more of them.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative orprocedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as astand alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unitsuitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does notnecessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can bestored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g.,one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a singlefile dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinatedfiles (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, orportions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed onone computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site ordistributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communicationnetwork.

Additionally, the logic flows and structure block diagrams described inthis patent document, which describe particular methods and/orcorresponding acts in support of steps and corresponding functions insupport of disclosed structural means, may also be utilized to implementcorresponding software structures and algorithms, and equivalentsthereof. The processes and logic flows described in this specificationcan be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one ormore computer programs to perform functions by operating on input dataand generating output.

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storingcomputer program instructions and data include all forms of non volatilememory, media and memory devices, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks;magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD ROM disks. The processor andthe memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purposelogic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subjectmatter described in this specification can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquidcrystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and akeyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by whichthe user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices canbe used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example,feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g.,visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input fromthe user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, ortactile input.

Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can beimplemented in a computing system that includes a back end component,e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g.,an application server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., aclient computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browserthrough which a user can interact with an implementation of the subjectmatter described in this specification, or any combination of one ormore such back end, middleware, or front end components. The componentsof the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digitaldata communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples ofcommunication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a widearea network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specific implementation details,these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of anyinvention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions offeatures that may be specific to particular embodiments of particularinventions. Certain features that are described in this specification inthe context of separate embodiments can also be implemented incombination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features thatare described in the context of a single embodiment can also beimplemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitablesubcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above asacting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, oneor more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excisedfrom the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the embodiments described above should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should beunderstood that the described program components and systems cangenerally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Particular embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification have been described. Other embodiments are within thescope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in theclaims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirableresults. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanyingfigures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, orsequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certainimplementations, multitasking and parallel processing may beadvantageous.

This written description sets forth the best mode of the invention andprovides examples to describe the invention and to enable a person ofordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. This writtendescription does not limit the invention to the precise terms set forth.Thus, while the invention has been described in detail with reference tothe examples set forth above, those of ordinary skill in the art mayeffect alterations, modifications and variations to the examples withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

1. A method of providing placements for reservation, comprising:receiving targeting criteria from an advertiser, the targeting criteriadefining a target audience for an advertising campaign; identifyingplacements that reach users that satisfy the targeting criteria; foreach placement: determining a first precision for the placement, thefirst precision based on a first number of total users that are reachedby the placement; identifying targeting rules enabled for the placementthat satisfy at least a targeting criterion of the targeting criteriareceived from the advertiser; determining a second precision for theplacement, the second precision based a second number of total usersthat are reached by the placement with the targeting rules enabled;ranking the placements based on the first precision and second precisionof the placements; and presenting the placements to the advertiseraccording to the rank.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining afirst precision comprises, for each placement: determining the firstnumber of total users that are reached by the placement; determining afirst number of targeted users that satisfy the targeting criteria andthat are reached by the placement; and determining the first precisionfor each placement as a ratio of the first number of targeted users tothe first number of total users.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinidentifying targeting rules enabled for the placement comprises: mappingthe targeting criteria received from the advertiser to targeting rulesthat satisfy at least one targeting criterion; and determining whetherthe satisfied targeting rules correspond to the enabled targeting rulesfor the placements.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining asecond precision comprises, for each placement: determining the secondnumber of total users for the placement, the second number of totalusers being the users reached by advertisements belonging to thecampaign on the placement with the targeting rules enabled; determininga second number of targeted users that satisfy the targeting criteriaand reached by the advertisements belonging to the campaign on theplacement with the targeting rules enabled; and defining the secondprecision for each placement as a ratio of the second number of targetedusers to the second number of total users.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the targeting rules limit presentation of advertisements on theplacement to users that satisfy the targeting rules.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the placements are online advertisement slots.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein identifying placements that reach users thatsatisfy the targeting criteria comprises: receiving placement inventorydata from publishers, the placement inventory data defining placementsthat the publishers are offering for reservation through an onlinereservation system; identifying available placements, the availableplacements being the target placements that satisfy the targetingcriteria and are available for reservation; and providing reservationdata for the available placements to the advertiser, the reservationdata defining reservation requirements for each available placement. 8.The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation data comprises a pricefor the reservation.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the reservationdata defines a reservation duration of a pre-defined time period. 10.The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation data defines areservation duration of a pre-defined number of impressions. 11.Software stored in computer readable media and comprising instructionsexecutable by a processing device and upon such execution cause theprocessing device to perform operations comprising: receiving targetingcriteria from an advertiser, the targeting criteria defining a targetaudience for advertisements; identifying placements that reach usersthat satisfy the targeting criteria; for each placement: determining afirst precision for the placement, the first precision based on a firstnumber of the users that are reached by the placement; identifyingtargeting rules enabled for the placement that satisfy at least atargeting criterion of the targeting criteria received from theadvertiser; determining a second precision for the placement, the secondprecision based a second number of users that are reached by theplacement with the targeting rules enabled; ranking the placements basedon the first precision and second precision of the placements; andpresenting the placements to the advertiser according to the rank. 12.The software of claim 11, wherein determining a first precisioncomprises, for each placement: determining the first number of totalusers, the first number of total users being all users that are reachedby the placement; determining a first number of targeted users thatsatisfy the targeting criteria and reached by the placement; anddetermining the first precision for each placement as a ratio of thefirst number of targeted users to the first number of total users. 13.The software of claim 11, wherein identifying targeting rules enabledfor the placement comprises: mapping the targeting criteria to targetingrules that satisfy at least one targeting criterion; and determiningwhether the satisfied targeting rules correspond to the enabledtargeting rules for the placements.
 14. The software of claim 11,wherein determining a second precision comprises, for each placement:determining the second number of total users, the second number of totalusers being the users reached by the advertisements on the placementwith the targeting rules enabled; determining a second number oftargeted users that satisfy the targeting criteria and reached by theadvertisements on the placement with the targeting rules enabled; anddefining the second precision for each placement as a ratio of thesecond number of targeted users to the second number of total users. 15.The software of claim 11, wherein the targeting rules limit presentationof advertisements on the placement to users that satisfy the targetingrules.
 16. The software of claim 11, wherein the placements are onlineadvertisement slots.
 17. The software of claim 11, wherein identifyingplacements that reach users that satisfy the targeting criteriacomprises: receiving placement inventory data from publishers, theplacement inventory data defining placements that the publishers areoffering for reservation through an online reservation system;identifying available placements, the available placements being thetarget placements that satisfy the targeting criteria and are availablefor reservation; and providing reservation data for the availableplacements to the advertiser, the reservation data defining reservationrequirements for each available placement.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein the reservation data defines a reservation duration of apre-defined number of impressions.